Chapter 01: Introduction to Imaging and Radiologic Sciences Adler: Introduction to Radiologic and Imaging Sciences and Patient Care, 7th Edition MULTIPLE CHOICE 1. The use of X-rays to create a medical image on patients is referred to as a. electrocardiography. b. radiography. c. sonography. d. magnetic resonance imaging. ANS: B Radiography is the making of records, known as radiographs, of internal structures of the body by passage of X-rays or gamma rays through the body to act on, historically, specially sensitized film or, most commonly, on a digital imaging plate or detector. In the diagnostic radiography department, images are created using X-rays that pass through the body. REF: p. 3 2. Particular care must be taken when using radiation for medical imaging. This is the result of radiation’s ability to create in human tissue and possible biochemical changes. a. ionizations b. radio waves c. sound waves d. thermal changes ANS: A Introduction to Radiologic and Imaging Sciences and Patient Care 7th Edition Adler Test Bank Some forms of electromagnetic energy, including X-rays, have the ability to ionize atoms in matter. These ionizations have the ability to disrupt the composition of matter and are capable of disrupting life processes. Special protection should be provided to prevent excessive exposure to ionizing radiation. REF: p. 3 3. In the diagnosis of patient disease states, physicians can select from an array of medical diagnostic modalities. Some of these involve the use of ionizing energy to create a medical image. If a physician is concerned about the use of ionizing radiation, he or she may choose to order any of the following diagnostic modalities except a. thermograms. b. medical sonography. c. radiography. d. magnetic resonance imaging. ANS: C Radiography is the making of records, known as radiographs, of internal structures of the body by passage of X-rays or gamma rays through the body to act on, historically, specially sensitized film or, most commonly, on a digital imaging plate or detector. In the diagnostic radiography department, images are created using X-rays that pass through the body (Fig. 1.2). Proper radiation protection is essential. REF: p. 3 4. The Greek physician Hippocrates is regarded as the father of Western medicine. All of the following choices represent his medical beliefs except the a. use of high ethical standards of conduct. b. important medical value of sorcery and witchcraft. c. importance of closely monitoring a patient’s condition and recovery. d. value of diet and exercise and allowing nature to take its course in recovery. ANS: B The Hippocratic Corpus is writings that they emphasize rational and natural explanations for the treatment of disease and reject sorcery and magic. The Hippocratic Oath still governs the ethical conduct of physicians today. REF: p. 5 5. Throughout the history of medicine, remarkable achievements have been recorded. These events have led to our current understanding of the human organism and disease. As this research continues, much of it will most likely focus on a. proper sanitation and public health. b. immunology and the development of vaccines. c. germ theory and infection. d. human genes and genetic engineering. ANS: D U S N T O Although the Human Genome Project is finished, analyses of the data will continue for many years. The replacement of faulty genes through gene therapy offers promises of cures for a variety of hereditary diseasesN, anRd thIrouGgh gBen.eCtic eMngineering, important pharmaceuticals continue to be developed. Medical research will continue to focus on the genetic code in all cells. REF: p. 5 | p. 6 6. Wilhelm C. Roentgen’s discovery of “the X-ray” is regarded as one of medicine’s most significant achievements. Although his discovery was accidental, his early research was so Introduction to Radiologic and Imaging Sciences and Patient Care 7th Edition Adler Test Bank thorough that no significant findings have been added to his original theories. This in itself is a true tribute to the brilliance of Roentgen as a scientist. One of the most famous early images he created was an X-ray image of his a. colon. b. laboratory assistant’s foot. c. wife’s hand. d. kidneys. ANS: C November 8, 1895, is believed by historians to be the day that Roentgen created the famous image of the hand of his wife. Through his investigative methods, Roentgen identified the properties of X-rays. His methods were so thorough that no significant additions have been made to his work. REF: p. 6 Introduction to Radiologic and Imaging Sciences and Patient Care 7th Edition Adler Test Bank 7. A valuable X-ray procedure used to diagnose a myocardial infarction is a. mammography. b. myelography. c. arthrography. d. coronary arteriography. ANS: D Coronary arteriography is an extremely valuable tool in diagnosing atherosclerosis, which can block the coronary arteries and cause a heart attack (myocardial infarction). By way of a special catheter with a balloon tip, effective treatment of atherosclerosis is possible. This treatment of a blocked blood vessel is termed angioplasty. Angioplasty is used to treat patients without having to use invasive open-heart surgery. REF: p. 8 8. All of the following are true of the diagnostic procedure of mammography except a. it is very valuable for the detection of early breast cancers. b. the procedures may be performed using a general radiographic machine. c. radiographers need to be specially trained in order to perform mammography. d. radiographers must be certified by the ARRT to qualify for the mammography examination. ANS: B Special breast imaging centers have been built to accommodate the demand for mammography procedures. Equipment and supplies, such as a specially designed X-ray tube and high-resolution digital imaging detectors, are used to create high-quality breast images. Mammography cannot be performed using general X-ray equipment. REF: p. 8 9. To study the blood vessels of the brain, kidneys, liver, and other organs, contrast material is administered into these vessels by using a. catheters. b. stents. c. balloons. d. None of the above ANS: A Angiography is the term for radiologic examination of the blood vessels after injection of a contrast medium. Most often, the contrast material is injected through a catheter, which can be directed to a variety of major arteries or veins for visualization of these structures. REF: p. 7 10. Radiologic science continues to be one of the most exciting professions in medicine. An imaging modality that uses no ionizing radiation and the energy of radio waves and magnetic fields is a. nuclear imaging. b. thermography. c. CVIT. d. MRI. Introduction to Radiologic and Imaging Sciences and Patient Care 7th Edition Adler Test Bank ANS: D Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) uses a strong magnetic field and radio waves along with a computer to generate sectional images of patient anatomy. MRI creates no ionizations at current energy levels and is regarded as a safe modality, particularly for pediatric and pregnant patients. REF: p. 10 11. A physician who specializes in the interpretation of medical images is known as a a. radiographer. b. radiologist. c. radiologic technologist. d. radiologist assistant. ANS: B Radiologic technologist (RT) is a general term applied to persons qualified to use X-rays (radiography) or radioactive substances (nuclear medicine) to produce images of the internal parts of the body for interpretation by a physician known as a radiologist. REF: p. 6 12. A class of health care workers who specialize in carrying out treatments designed to improve a patient’s health condition and quality of life and who likely possess a 2- or 4-year degree are known as a. technicians. b. therapists. c. technologists. d. practitioners. ANS: B Therapists specialize in carrying out treatments designed to correct or improve the function of a particular body part or system. Therapists possess varied levels of educational experiences ranging from 2- to 4-year to graduate college degrees. REF: p. 11 13. Board-certified radiologists can be a medical doctor (MD) or a doctor of osteopathy (DO). To become a board-certified radiologist following medical school, these physicians must complete a a. residency. b. master’s degree education. c. baccalaureate degree. d. doctoral (Ph.D) degree program. ANS: A After medical school, most MDs and DOs complete additional clinical experience, known as a residency, in an area of specialization. Residencies are usually 3 or 4 years and may include a wide variety of branches in medicine. REF: p. 12 Introduction to Radiologic and Imaging Sciences and Patient Care 7th Edition Adler Test Bank 14. The health occupation that deals with the management of patient medical records and medical coding is a. dietetics. b. biomedical engineering. c. health information services. d. medical records therapist. ANS: C Health information services involve careers that are responsible for the management of health information, such as that contained in the patient’s health record. These careers do not involve direct patient contact but are essential to the efficient operation of any health care facility. REF: p. 12 15. The distinction between a technologist and a technician can be confusing to the general public, when related to medical personnel. A key difference between the two involves education. A technologist typically a. is very attentive to details as prescribed by a superior. b. has a higher level of education and deal with higher-level problems. c. works under the supervision of another health care provider. d. works in a supportive role at the direction of a technician. ANS: B Technologist is a general term that applies to an individual skilled in a practical art. This health care provider applies knowledge to practical and theoretic problems in the field. Technician is a term that applies to a person who performs procedures that require attention to technical detail. Technicians work under the direction of another health care provider. The terms technologist and technNici UanRa SreIo NfGten TuBCi OntMerchangeably, which can create problems in disciplines in which the terms are used to denote differing levels of education. In general, technologists are involved in higher-level problem-solving situations and have more extensive educational preparation than do technicians. REF: p. 11 16. The medical imaging specialty of uses radiopharmaceuticals and gamma radiation in the production of medical images for patient diagnosis. a. radiation oncology b. MRI c. sonography d. nuclear medicine ANS: D The field of nuclear medicine involves procedures that use radioactive materials for diagnostic or therapeutic purposes. Nuclear medicine procedures usually involve the imaging of a patient’s organs—such as the liver, heart, or brain—after the introduction of a radioactive material known as a radiopharmaceutical. REF: p. 8 17. The current medical standard for measuring bone health, with a high degree of accuracy, is a. radiographs of the chest. Introduction to Radiologic and Imaging Sciences and Patient Care 7th Edition Adler Test Bank b. DEXA studies of the hip and lower spine. c. sonography of the heel. d. nuclear scans of the bones. ANS: B Bone densitometry (BD) is used to diagnose osteoporosis, a condition that is often recognized in menopausal women but can also occur in men. To detect osteoporosis accurately, dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DEXA or DXA) is used. DEXA BD is the current standard for measuring bone mineral density (BMD). REF: p. 9 18. Many medical professions have developed “practice standards” to ensure optimum performance of their members. The radiography “practice standards” are developed and maintained by the a. American College of Radiology (ACR). b. American Society of Radiologic Technologists (ASRT). c. American Registry of Radiologic Technologists (ARRT). d. Food and Drug Administration (FDA). ANS: B Clinical practice standards for radiography have been developed by the ASRT. These practice standards help define the role of the radiographer and establish criteria used to judge performance. REF: p. 7 U S N T O 19. The education of radiographeNrs iRnvoIlvesGtheBCmiMtment and dedication of many people. All of the following may be directly involved with and responsible for your education as a radiographer except the a. program director. b. clinical coordinator or clinical instructor. c. medical equipment applications specialist. d. didactic faculty member. ANS: C A clinical instructor teaches students primarily on a one-on-one basis in the clinical setting. A didactic faculty member teaches students typically through classroom lectures and laboratory activities. A clinical coordinator has teaching responsibilities along with administrative duties in overseeing clinical education, most often in programs using many clinical education centers. A program director has teaching responsibilities, as well as overall administrative responsibility for the entire educational program. REF: p. 11 20. To become a qualified, registered radiologist assistant (RRA), you must 1. complete a recognized RRA educational course of study. 2. successfully pass the national examination for nursing (NCLEX). 3. be certified in radiography by the ARRT. 4. successfully complete the radiologist assistant examination offered by the ARRT. 5. become a member of a local professional group of radiologists. Introduction to Radiologic and Imaging Sciences and Patient Care 7th Edition Adler Test Bank a. 2, 4, and 5 only b. 1, 3, 4, and 5 only c. 1, 3, and 4 only d. 1 and 4 only ANS: C In 2005, the ARRT began offering a post primary examination for RRAs. To qualify to take the examination, individuals must be ARRT certified in radiography, earn a bachelor’s degree, have at least 1 year of acceptable clinical experience in radiography, complete an ARRT-approved RRA education program, and meet the educational, ethics, and examination standards established by the ARRT. REF: p. 8 Introduction to Radiologic and Imaging Sciences and Patient Care 7th Edition Adler Test Bank Chapter 02: Professional Organizations Adler: Introduction to Radiologic and Imaging Sciences and Patient Care, 7th Edition MULTIPLE CHOICE 1. The process whereby an organization seeks recognition from its peer groups through demonstrated compliance with developed standards is termed a. licensure. b. registration. c. accreditation. d. self-analysis. ANS: C Accreditation is a voluntary peer-review process. Accredited programs have satisfactorily demonstrated compliance with educational standards developed by and for the profession. These standards are set by the organizations that sponsor the accrediting agency. REF: p. 15 2. Professional certification of medical imaging practitioners, such as radiographers, is offered by the a. American Society of Radiologic Technologists (ASRT). b. American College of Radiology (ACR). c. individual states. d. American Registry of Radiologic Technologists. ANS: D Professional certification is a process through which an agency grants recognition to an individual on demonstration, usually by examination, of specialized professional skills. For radiography, the American Registry of Radiologic Technologists (ARRT) is a nationally recognized certification agency. REF: p. 16 3. Many organizations are involved with medical imaging making up this great profession. A common goal of all of these organizations is to a. ensure the highest quality of care within the profession. b. improve the standard of care within medical imaging. c. foster positive public relations and communication with the general public and governmental agencies. d. All of the above ANS: D Professional societies represent the interests of various groups to the public and to governmental bodies. Additionally, they foster educational opportunities in an effort to improve patient care standards and quality. REF: p. 17 Introduction to Radiologic and Imaging Sciences and Patient Care 7th Edition Adler Test Bank 4. A radiographer looking to relocate to another state for similar employment is advised to check into that state’s requirements to ensure qualified employability. a. professional membership b. licensure c. registry d. accreditation ANS: B Most, but not all, states and territories require a license. The licensure laws in effect vary tremendously from one state to another and can vary from year to year within a state as a result of new legislation. Verifying current licensing requirements is important before practicing in a new state because penalties may be assessed for practicing without a license. REF: p. 17 5. All of the following are true of the American Healthcare Radiology Administrators (AHRA) organization except a. they have the authority to certify radiographers. b. they publish a periodical journal titled, Radiology Management. c. the AHRA offers a certification examination for radiology administrators. d. the AHRA plays a key role with the manpower needs of the medical imaging profession. ANS: A The AHRA provides a broad range of services for its members, including the journal Radiology Management. It offers the Certified Radiology Administrator (CRA) examination for radiology administrators. The AHRA has strong cooperative ties with other professional associations and has spearheaNd UedRt SheIS NuGm TmBCM O Manpower, a consortium of radiology and health care organizations concerned with labor shortages in radiology. REF: p. 17 6. The organization that sponsors an international meeting in Chicago each year in late November is the a. International Society of Radiographers and Radiologic Technologists (ISRRT). b. Radiological Society of North America (RSNA). c. American College of Radiology (ACR). d. Joint Review Committee on Education in Radiologic Technology (JRCERT). ANS: B The RSNA conducts the world’s largest radiology meeting with more than 55,000 registrants in Chicago each November. REF: p. 20 7. When you consider the many organizations that make up the medical imaging profession, it is accurate to conclude that a. all of the agencies have a financial focus and interest in the political strength of the profession. b. all agencies are accountable to the American College of Radiology. c. the collective group of agencies are responsible for the accreditation, certification, Introduction to Radiologic and Imaging Sciences and Patient Care 7th Edition Adler Test Bank and representation of the medical imaging profession. d. the various groups operate independently with minimal cooperation and communication. ANS: C A major part of the fabric of a profession is its organizations, especially the accrediting agencies for educational programs, the certification bodies for individuals, and the professional societies that represent the interests of the profession to the public and government. REF: p. 20 8. The oldest radiologic society in the medical imaging profession is the a. American Medical Association. b. International Society of Radiographers and Radiologic Technologists. c. American Roentgen Ray Society. d. Radiological Society of the America. ANS: C The ARRS is the oldest U.S. radiologic society. Founded in 1900 in St Louis, the society had approximately 7000 members by the early 1990s. REF: p. 19 9. Accredited programs in radiologic technology are recognized by the Joint Review Committee on Education in Radiologic Technology (JRCERT). Programs seeking this programmatic recognition necessarily must comply with the JRCERT a. Essentials and GuidelinesN. b. Rules of Conduct. c. Content Specifications. d. Policies for Operation and Conduct. ANS: A The sponsoring organizations of the JRCs approve a document known as either the Essentials and Guidelines or the Standards, which details the minimum requirements for how an accredited program must operate. REF: p. 15 10. The organization that is principally responsible for the general welfare of the profession of radiologic technology, through its efforts in continuing education, practice standards, and socioeconomics is the a. Association of Educators in Imaging and Radiologic Sciences (AEIRS). b. American Healthcare Radiology Administrators (AHRA). c. Medical Dosimetry Certification Board (MDCB). d. American Society of Radiologic Technologists (ASRT). ANS: D The goals of the ASRT are to advance the professions of radiologic technology and imaging specialties, maintain high standards of education, enhance the quality of patient care, and further the welfare and socioeconomics of radiologic technologists. Introduction to Radiologic and Imaging Sciences and Patient Care 7th Edition Adler Test Bank REF: p. 17 | p. 18 Introduction to Radiologic and Imaging Sciences and Patient Care 7th Edition Adler Test Bank Chapter 03: Educational Survival Skills Adler: Introduction to Radiologic and Imaging Sciences and Patient Care, 7th Edition MULTIPLE CHOICE 1. One of your classmates consistently gets A’s on tests and homework, with no apparent effort or study. In talking with him, you discover he has a good strategy for studying that involves a. staying up late and pulling “all-nighters” before an examination. b. eating a heavy, “high-carb” meal the night before the examination. c. consistently allocating specific times of the day for studying and exercise. d. studying with friends using flashcards. ANS: C Waiting until the last minute to study increases anxiety to a point that it actually may interfere with the ability to learn and recall information. Studies have shown that short, regular periods of study and review result in greater recall than a long period of study followed by a long period of no exposure to the information. REF: p. 28 2. An example of a stress buffer is a. taking antacids the day of a big examination. b. intensive studying with close friends the night before a test. c. agreeing to work more hours a few days before a big test to ease your money problems. d. exercising with friends fo r 45 mi nute s th e d ay b efore a big test. N R I G B . C M ANS: D People who exercise regularly look forward to the relaxing benefits of the aerobic activity, which usually promotes improved sleep patterns, increased energy, and increased stress tolerance. REF: p. 25 3. The fight-or-flight response is a natural process of the body. It is characterized by a. the release of hormones to increase metabolism. b. decreased metabolism of fats and sugars to conserve available energy for later use by the body. c. a decreased heart rate with rapid respirations. d. increased circulation to the muscles of the digestive tract to hasten digestion in preparation for high energy expenditure. ANS: A The fight-or-flight response readies the body for action. Circulation increases in the long muscles, and the heart rate and respiration rate increase to supply more oxygen to the muscles. Sugars and fats are dumped into the system to supply the needed energy for physical activity. The physiologic responses include the release of hormones to increase metabolism, increases in fats and sugars for energy, and increases in heart rate and respiration. Blood flows at a greater-than-normal rate to the long muscles of the extremities, and the central nervous system is stimulated. Introduction to Radiologic and Imaging Sciences and Patient Care 7th Edition Adler Test Bank REF: p. 25 4. As you prepare for an important final examination on positioning, a casual friend stops by unexpectedly to tell you she thinks she is about to lose her job. It’s clear she wants to talk to someone, and from your friend’s perspective, you appear to have some time to talk. How would you best handle this situation? a. Stop your studying and console your friend throughout the evening in an effort to become closer friends. b. Politely tell your friend that you would love to talk after you have finished studying, if time permits. c. Order a large pizza with beverages and ask her to study with you. d. Tell your friend you have no time for idle talk as you are in the process of studying for an examination. Give her the name of one of your classmates. ANS: B Plan a regular schedule of study. Help your friend to understand the responsibility you have to yourself for studying and that you will talk when you are more relaxed and in a better frame of mind to listen to her concerns. Waiting until the last minute to study increases anxiety to a point that it actually may interfere with the ability to learn and recall information. REF: p. 28 N R I G B.C M 5. As you are driving to your clinical site for the day’s activities, you encounter an unexpected construction zone that will most likely make you late. You have taken this reliable and quickest route many times before and plan your driving time precisely. You have never been late before, and you feel that your clinical instructor will dismiss you from the program. In this particular case, an effectivUe waSy toNdeTal with Othis new stressor would be to a. call your clinical instructor and provide an estimate as to your delay. b. ask a construction worker for an alternative route to make up the time. c. call your clinical instructor and tell him that your GPS took you in the wrong direction. d. alter your travel route and take an unknown highway that you think will be shorter. ANS: A Most of the things about which we worry never happen or turn out better than we thought they would. We worry about possibilities that might be removed from our thoughts by taking some action. Calling your clinical instructor and being proactive about your situation is a responsible action and will be understood by all and will lower your stress levels. REF: p. 24 6. Nutrition that will improve your stress level includes a. drinking a strong coffee or tea with a hearty breakfast of ham and eggs. b. making a “smoothie” with whole milk to increase calcium levels avoiding bananas and nuts. c. eating a spinach salad topped with nuts and tomatoes. d. eating a high protein meal that includes a caffeine energy drink. ANS: C Introduction to Radiologic and Imaging Sciences and Patient Care 7th Edition Adler Test Bank Good nutrition includes a diet that provides appropriate servings from all food groups (Fig. 3.1). The U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) has updated the historical food pyramid with MyPlate, which emphasizes the importance of healthy food choices and being active every day. The dietary guidelines begin by emphasizing the importance of building a healthy plate consisting of five food groups: fruits, vegetables, grains, protein foods, and dairy. REF: p. 25 | p. 26 7. As you prepare to study for your final examinations, one of your classmates asks to study with you because she has not been keeping up with the lectures, having missed a few classes over the past week. This person always seems unhappy and is never prepared for clinical experiences. She frequently complains about having to get up so early to get to class and that she is not sure she made the right choice in selecting radiologic technology. Studying with this classmate will a. provide a more positive experience for you and make you feel grateful for not being “in her shoes.” b. make for a positive experience by allowing you to review material you already understand. c. create a negative climate for both of you; you should politely excuse yourself. d. give you a positive experience and the opportunity to improve her attitude toward the profession. ANS: C N R I G B.C M Attitude helps remembering. Having a positive attitude about the reason for studying enhances your ability to learn and remember. You have set a goal for your professional future. Approach it with enthusiasm and a can-do attitude. Become part of the self-fulfilling prophecy that says you are in control of your successes and failures. A feeling of control, in turn, reduces the stress response andUenhSancNes yTour chaOnces for a healthy period of learning. Studying with classmates can be good if classmates agree to maintain a positive attitude and stay focused on the study material. Allowing a stressed classmate to alter your study habits only adds to your stress. REF: p. 28 8. You are about to take a 100-question test in a timed fashion. The test time allotment is 90 minutes. An effective test-taking strategy to use when taking this test is a. pace yourself and allow exactly the same amount of time for each question. b. scan the test and answer the questions you clearly know and then go back and spend the necessary time on those questions that need more time, even though you may not quite finish. c. answer only the questions to which you know the answers and then randomly answer the rest of the questions without reading them, making sure you finish. d. go immediately to the last page of the test and work back to make sure you get done. ANS: B Scan the test, and answer all the questions you are sure you know. Do not waste time initially on questions that are problematic for you. Go back and repeat the procedure, allowing yourself a little more time to answer. Leave questions whose answers are difficult to recall until the last. This way, if it is a time-limited examination, most questions will be answered even if you are caught short of time. Introduction to Radiologic and Imaging Sciences and Patient Care 7th Edition Adler Test Bank REF: p. 29 9. As you prepare to take a final examination for a course you have enjoyed, you discover that your laptop computer battery is very low, causing concern. You wanted to review your notes one last time before going into the examination. This event would be classified as a(n) a. hassle. b. uplift. c. worry. d. intervention. ANS: A This event would be considered a hassle because it is a minor event and not life altering. Minor changes can be countered by balancing unexpected change with planned positive activity. REF: p. 21 (Key Terms) | p. 22 | p. 23 10. Time management is an important part of controlling stress levels. Effective methods to control time include 1. avoiding deadlines because they only add stress to one’s life. 2. pushing yourself to unknown limits because you need to know your potential. 3. determining the most important activities that could contribute to your success. 4. focusing only on those activities that are important, allowing little time for close friends and family. 5. doubling your study time to improve your grade from a D to an A. a. 1 only b. 3 only c. 1, 2, and 5 only d. 3, 4, and 5 only ANS: B An important part of managing stress is learning to manage time. Because the amount of time available cannot be controlled, practicing time management becomes necessary; time management is self-management related to how time is used. Set priorities according to goals and the length of time that will be needed to complete an activity. REF: p. 24 | p. 25 | p. 26 | p. 27 11. Which of the following statements uses out-of-control language? a. “I can’t believe I have all these examinations in the same week. This is so unfair!” b. “Wow, three examinations this week. Oh well, I’ll take each as it comes.” c. “I’m looking for a study partner for examinations this week. Anyone available?” d. “Final examination week, wow! I’ve had bigger challenges in my life and have come out on top.” ANS: A Many factors influence how we feel about events occurring around us every day. Statements used to express a feeling of not having any control imply you are losing control. Statements such as these are stressors. If out-of-control words can evoke negative feelings, then using in-control language will produce positive feelings. NURSINGTB.COM Introduction to Radiologic and Imaging Sciences and Patient Care 7th Edition Adler Test Bank REF: p. 23 12. Steps for successful test taking include 1. memorizing acronyms to remember important formulas. 2. going out for a spaghetti dinner with friends, the night before an examination. 3. wearing bright colors the day of the examination. 4. relaxing the day before the examination and avoiding cramming. 5. rechecking your answers, particularly if you had to record them on a scan sheet using blackened circles. 6. looking for a pattern of correct answers on the test and using that pattern to answer questions that are questionable. a. 1, 4, 5, and 6 b. 2, 3, 5, 6, and 7 c. 3, 4, and 5 d. 2, 4, 6, and 7 ANS: C Bright colors promote positive and optimistic feelings. Get a good night’s sleep before the examination. Rest allows clear thinking and improved interpretation. Review your test when done and make corrections as needed. Make certain you have answered all the questions. If you are answering on an answer sheet that requires blackening circles or boxes, then be certain that the number of the question corresponds with the number on the answer sheet. REF: p. 29 NURSINGTB.COM Introduction to Radiologic and Imaging Sciences and Patient Care 7th Edition Adler Test Bank Chapter 04: Critical-Thinking and Problem-Solving Strategies Adler: Introduction to Radiologic and Imaging Sciences and Patient Care, 7th Edition MULTIPLE CHOICE 1. Critical thinking is an essential part of the radiologic sciences profession. This requires the professional radiographer to use broad intellectual skills and experiences when making the correct choice for any given situation. This is true because a. many decisions are difficult and complex. b. working with each patient is a unique experience. c. no two procedures or treatments are the same. d. All of the above ANS: D Critical thinking is required in most health care situations. In the radiologic sciences, critical thinking is a reflective decision-making process that is necessary because every patient presents a new situation or challenge. No two procedures or treatments are the same. Critical thinking involves sound professional judgment applied with high ethical standards and integrity. REF: p. 31 2. All of the following choices would generally require critical analysis thinking except a. checking in for work and reviewing the day’s schedule. b. working in surgery with a portable C-arm that is malfunctioning. c. preparing to perform a radiographic examination on a hearing-impaired patient. N R I G B.C M d. working in the emergency UdepaSrtmNentTwith a tOrauma patient. ANS: A Critical thinking involves sound professional judgment applied with high ethical standards and integrity. Arriving at work and looking at the day’s routine does not necessarily require critical thinking. Critical thinking is required in most health care situations. An uncomfortable or difficult decision that must be made about a patient’s care likely involves critical-thinking skills. Challenges with communication, modifying procedures or treatments from the normal routine with regard to patient condition, and solving equipment malfunctions or technical problems are just a few examples of situations that involve problem solving and critical thinking. REF: p. 31 3. Critical thinking skills are necessary for the competent medical imaging professional. Various organizations within the radiologic sciences provide guidance and documentation of these traits. As an example, the American Society of Radiologic Technologists (ASRT) publishes that help define specific professional expectations and responsibilities. a. Essentials and Standards b. Standards of Care c. Codes of Conduct d. practice standards ANS: D NURSINGTB.COM Introduction to Radiologic and Imaging Sciences and Patient Care 7th Edition Adler Test Bank Professional societies such as the American Society of Radiologic Technologists (ASRT) publish practice standards that define specific professional expectations and responsibilities. Inherent in these professional standards are the elements of appropriate decision-making skills associated with problem solving and critical thinking. REF: p. 31 4. As a student radiographer, you have been assigned to work with a classmate as part of a group project. Your assignment is to produce an X-ray image of a nonroutine projection of the skull. To do this, you would perform this a. on your classmate in a hospital radiographic room. b. on a family member volunteer, in a small clinic setting. c. using a skull phantom in a laboratory setting. d. on a patient when he or she visits the clinical setting for this type of study. ANS: C The classroom and the laboratory provide valuable experiences that allow the student to develop critical-thinking and analysis skills that involve cognitive and psychomotor learning. In the classroom or laboratory, students are given the freedom to develop alternative ideas, test the classics, solve new problems, and increase their understanding of old problems without endangering the health of a patient. REF: p. 32 N R I G B.C M 5. Exposure factor selection for optimum image quality is one of the most challenging aspects of radiography. In your attempt to produce an image of a patient’s hip in the AP projection, you become frustrated with the image you have created because it is sub-optimal in image quality. When you show the image to tUhe sSupeNrvisTor, he aObruptly states that you need to repeat the image and this time “get it right.” As you begin to repeat the image, your first critical analysis thought should be to a. select the best solution to get a good image. b. clearly identify the problem that led to the suboptimal image. c. seek out the department manager to report the attitude of the supervisor. d. ask your clinical instructor to repeat the exam for you, so as not to upset the patient. ANS: B A key element of critical thought is problem solving. The first step in problem solving is to identify the problem. After this, solutions to solve the problem can be investigated. REF: p. 32 6. The transfer of knowledge gained in the laboratory or classroom setting is best demonstrated a. on human phantoms in the practice laboratory. b. through essay questions on a major examination. c. on volunteer patients in a skills laboratory. d. in an actual clinical setting on patients. ANS: D NURSINGTB.COM Introduction to Radiologic and Imaging Sciences and Patient Care 7th Edition Adler Test Bank The clinical setting is where students can transfer knowledge into action in a real-world environment. Students are exposed to unique real-life experiences that can be reinforced by the supervising radiologic sciences professional. Clinical experience provides a variety of critical-thinking situations and allows for complete, guided student learning. REF: p. 33 7. When you write a lengthy essay on your feelings about radiation protection, you are analyzing your a. values that are learned or instilled as a part of your affective education. b. knowledge of allowable dose limits. c. skills with patient restraint that were developed in the laboratory setting. d. comprehension of the cardinal rules of radiation protection. ANS: A Analyzing personal values and feelings and managing uncomfortable ethical situations are components of affective critical thinking. Students must value the professional knowledge that serves as the foundation for their chosen profession. Feelings can be expressed through journal writing, essay responses, or conferences with faculty and clinical instructors. REF: p. 33 8. In your experiences as a student radiographer, you will encounter a variety of technologists, each with his or her own methods for performing procedures. Most will be quite good, but unfortunately some will be poor. As a student, you have a responsibility to recognize these various behaviors and assess their professional correctness. A firm reference point for determining the appropriate behavior for technologist behavior would be N R I G B.C M a. asking other technologists iUf thSese NbehTaviors aOre correct. b. calling the Joint Review Committee on Education in Radiologic Technology and getting their opinion. c. referencing the ASRT Practice Standards and ARRT Code of Ethics. d. consulting a radiologist to get his or her opinion. ANS: C Professional standards of the radiologic sciences support and define skills and behavior expected in the workplace. Professional societies such as the American Society of Radiologic Technologists (ASRT) publish practice standards that define specific professional expectations and responsibilities. Credentialing agencies such as the American Registry of Radiologic Technologists (ARRT) publish codes of ethics. REF: p. 31 9. While working as a radiographer, you design a unique receptor holder to use during portable procedures that clearly reduces the exposure of others, by lessening the need to hold patients or image receptors. The development of this imaging device shows that you are functioning at what level of learning? a. Psychomotor b. Synthesis c. Affective d. Cognitive NURSINGTB.COM Introduction to Radiologic and Imaging Sciences and Patient Care 7th Edition Adler Test Bank ANS: B The goals and objectives of a student program in radiography may include elements of critical thinking, including analysis, synthesis, evaluation, and critique. Coming up with a new equipment design is an example of learning at the synthesis level and demonstrates higher level learning. REF: p. 31 10. Which of the following situations would require critical analysis thinking skills? 1. A patient asking for directions to the restroom 2. A physician asking you to call his office to connect with his/her nurse 3. Improvising the angulation of the X-ray tube to compensate for a patient condition 4. Your supervisor asking you to develop a new quality control plan 5. Repositioning a patient after assessing the patient’s previous images 6. Providing a gown to a patient with instructions on putting it on correctly 7. Modifying exposure factors after reviewing the patient’s history a. 2, 3, 4, 5 and 6 only b. 1 and 2 only c. 3, 4, 5, and 7 only d. 1, 2, and 6 only ANS: C Radiologic sciences professionals are presented with unique and challenging ethical, technical, and patient care situations every day. Critical thinking and problem solving skills are essential to provide high-quality patient care, diagnosis, and treatment in these situations. Critical thinking and problem solving skills may also be used to manage personal concerns and issues. N U R S I N G T B.C O M REF: p. 36 | p. 37 NURSINGTB.COM Introduction to Radiologic and Imaging Sciences and Patient Care 7th Edition Adler Test Bank Chapter 05: Introduction to Clinical Education Adler: Introduction to Radiologic and Imaging Sciences and Patient Care, 7th Edition MULTIPLE CHOICE 1. The professional organization that is responsible for the development and publication of minimum educational guidelines, outlining entry-level knowledge and skill levels is the a. American Medical Association (AMA). b. American Registry of Radiologic Technologists (ARRT). c. Joint Review Committee on Education in Radiologic Technology (JRCERT). d. American Society of Radiologic Technologists (ASRT). ANS: D The American Society of Radiologic Technologists (ASRT) is the professional organization that provides a curriculum articulating educational guidelines to ensure that entry-level medical imaging and radiologic science professionals possess the necessary skills and knowledge for practice. REF: p. 40 2. As students gain competency in medical imaging procedures, three phases in the clinical setting are planned by clinical faculty. These three phases in the correct learning sequence are a. affective, psychomotor, and cognitive. b. discovery, analysis, and repetition. c. observation, assistance, and performance. d. classroom, laboratory, an d cl inic al. B.C M N R I G ANS: C U S N T O Throughout the length of the program, clinical situations will arise that are new to the student. The new student’s eyes are open to anything and everything that goes on as the clinical education segment of the program begins. The first phase is observation and is extensive during the early portion of the program, tapering off as the new student gains confidence. When the student feels confident, he or she can then proceed to assistance and finally to performance of the entire procedure without assistance. REF: p. 42 | p. 43 3. As a radiography student, you will be expected to demonstrate clinical competency in various procedures as part of your clinical rotations. The required number of imaging procedure competencies is currently a. 37. b. 48. c. 72. d. 98. ANS: A To be eligible for participation in the American Registry of Radiologic Technologists (ARRT) radiographic examination, clinical competence must be demonstrated and completed. Mandatory competencies are needed for 10 general patient care activities and 37 mandatory imaging procedures. NURSINGTB.COM Introduction to Radiologic and Imaging Sciences and Patient Care 7th Edition Adler Test Bank REF: p. 40 | ARRT website (.) 4. Student learning that occurs in a classroom or on-line setting is referred to as learning. a. psychomotor b. transfer of c. didactic d. competency-based ANS: C Didactic education occurs in formal settings such as the classroom, the laboratory, and online. Didactic courses provide students with experiences designed to support conceptual learning as well as to provide an opportunity for students to gain hands-on skills in a simulated environment. REF: p. 41 5. When a patient hand-off occurs, the principle of is recommended. a. SBAR b. TeamSTEPPS c. HIPPA d. STAT ANS: A Patient handoff occurs when a patient is transferred from one health care worker to another for different types of care, procedures, or treatments. SBAR is a structured communication process that provides for accurate sharing of patient information between health care workers when patient handoff occurs.N U R S I N G T B.C O M REF: p. 45 6. As a student radiographer, you have received a requisition to perform a procedure that requires indirect supervision. In completing the examination, you mistakenly mislabel the image with regard to the left and right sides of the patient. Department policy requires a repeat image. In doing so, you must be aware that a. you can repeat the image with a technologist in another part of the department. b. a qualified practitioner must review your repeat procedures and directly supervise your work. c. you can still perform under indirect supervision as long as a technologist is within “shouting” distance. d. you can repeat the examination with a classmate who has already demonstrated competency with this type of examination. ANS: B In order to assure the safety of patients, students, staff, and the general public present in the health care environment, students should be supervised at all times while in the clinical setting. Unsatisfactory radiographic images must be directly supervised by a qualified radiographer, regardless of the student’s level of competency. REF: p. 43 NURSINGTB.COM Introduction to Radiologic and Imaging Sciences and Patient Care 7th Edition Adler Test Bank 7. Which of the following choices is false regarding the typical organizational structure of a medical radiography program? a. Registered radiographers (ARRT) all perform as clinical instructors. b. The Program Director must be a full-time position. c. The Clinical Coordinator works closely with the Program Director to ensure quality clinical experiences for students. d. All clinical faculty are accountable to the Program Director. ANS: A Members of the clinical staff are employees of the health care institution and provide student supervision and guidance. The program director works full time in organizing, administering, and assessing the radiography program. The clinical coordinator works closely with the program director in ensuring program effectiveness through a regular schedule of coordination, instruction, and evaluation. The clinical instructor works directly with the student in the clinical setting. REF: p. 41 8. A radiography program’s effectiveness is measured through a variety of benchmarks. One of these deals specifically with a. student attendance and punctuality. b. clinical evaluations of student performance by clinical staff. c. learning outcomes. d. accomplishment of clinical competencies within the established timeline. ANS: C Learning outcomes, assessed at the program level, are measurable expectations for student learning. Learning outcomesNar UeRco SmIp NonGe TntBs .ofCa OpMrogram’s assessment plan, which are used to document the effectiveness of the program. REF: p. 41 9. All of the following are true of the TeamSTEPPS approach to patient care except a. it is an evidence-based teamwork strategy. b. it encourages individuals to perform independently with little or no need for support. c. situation monitoring is essential to the process of TeamSTEPPS. d. it consists of five (5) key principles. ANS: B TeamSTEPPS is an evidence-based teamwork system used to improve the quality, safety, and efficiency of health care. The purpose of utilizing the TeamSTEPPS approach is to create highly effective teams necessary to assure the best patient outcomes. The five key principles to TeamSTEPPS include team structure coupled with skills in communication, leadership, situation monitoring, and mutual support. REF: p. 45 10. At a specific time in the student-patient interaction, the student may be permitted to position a patient and provide for their general care in order to perform the procedure. At this specific point in the student’s clinical experience, they are considered to be NURSINGTB.COM Introduction to Radiologic and Imaging Sciences and Patient Care 7th Edition Adler Test Bank a. at the observation phase of clinical competency. b. clinically competent in all phases of clinical performance. c. performing at the assistance level of clinical progression. d. testing out to complete a clinical competency. ANS: C When the student feels confident, he or she can then proceed to assistance, the next phase of clinical education. In this phase, the student begins aiding and supporting the medical imaging and radiologic science professional in the performance of diagnostic and therapeutic procedures. The student is now gaining hands-on experience—literally placing a hand on the patient to assist the patient as they move to the table or helping them to assume a specific position for the diagnostic or therapeutic procedure. REF: p. 42 N U R S I N G T B.C O M NURSINGTB.COM Introduction to Radiologic and Imaging Sciences and Patient Care 7th Edition Adler Test Bank Chapter 06: Radiology Administration Adler: Introduction to Radiologic and Imaging Sciences and Patient Care, 7th Edition MULTIPLE CHOICE 1. The health care industry is a significant part of the U.S. economy. Hospitals, clinics, imaging centers, rehabilitation centers, and other institutions all make up a sizeable network of this country’s health care delivery system. The complexities of a hospital and all of its departments, professions, infrastructure, and design can be likened to a. communities within a community. b. isolated enterprises that operate with complete independence. c. simple businesses with a single product or service to offer its customers. d. a family-run business with only a few employees. ANS: A Hospitals have a direct relationship with the community in which they are located, comparable to the relationship a city has with the county or state where it is located. This relationship should be mutually supportive and beneficial. Single hospitals have merged into multihospital groups, or systems, similar to the way nearby cities merge activities first and later combine governance. The medical staff and employees of a hospital show a parallel with the city’s skilled and trained persons who provide services to other citizens. The complexity of a hospital can be compared to that of a town or city in which people work together in mutually supportive functions. REF: p. 49 N R I G B . C M 2. A document that guides a ho spUita l Sas tNo itsTp ur p osOe and role in the community it serves is called a a. proclamation. b. set of bylaws. c. mission statement. d. master plan. ANS: C An organization’s mission statement is the defining and guiding force that outlines the reason for existence. “The mission statement summarizes the hospital’s intent to provide service in terms of the intended recipients of service, the type of care or services, and the level of quality and cost expected. Because every function of a hospital should be focused on what the organization wants to accomplish, all of its members should be familiar with the mission.” REF: p. 49 3. A typical organizational structure of a hospital will have the hospital’s chief executive officer (CEO) or president reporting to the a. chief financial officer (CFO). b. board of directors. c. city council. d. medical staff chief. ANS: B NURSINGTB.COM Introduction to Radiologic and Imaging Sciences and Patient Care 7th Edition Adler Test Bank Governance of a hospital begins with the board of directors or governing board, which is authorized by law to operate a hospital. The board employs a chief executive officer (CEO) or president, and defines how the operation of the hospital is maintained and conducted. REF: p. 49 4. A formal document that outlines the departmental structure of a hospital by showing lines of authority, reporting structures, and the interrelationships of departments is a(n) a. organizational chart. b. PACS network diagram. c. flowchart. d. decision matrix. ANS: A The organizational chart of a hospital demonstrates how managers and employees carry out the functions within the institution in an organized and logical manner. In its basic definition, it demonstrates who reports to whom in the organization. REF: p. 49 5. All of the physicians practicing medicine within a hospital comprise the hospital’s a. board of trustees. b. continuous quality-improvement (CQI) group. c. regulatory council. d. medical staff. ANS: D U S N T O The medical staff is the formNal oRrganIizeGd strBCre Mof physicians within a hospital with authorized privileges, bylaws, elected officers, committees, and organized activities. REF: p. 50 6. In large hospitals the person responsible for the operations of radiologic services is typically the administrative director of radiology. This individual must have strong managerial and other skills, including 1. leadership skills. 2. finance and budgeting skills. 3. medical image interpretation skills. 4. strategic planning skills. 5. nursing skills, including pharmacology. 6. customer service skills. 7. communications and public relations skills. a. 2, 3, 4, 5, and 6 only b. 1, 2, 5, 6, and 7 only c. 1, 2, 4, 6, and 7 only d. 3, 5, and 6 only ANS: C NURSINGTB.COM Introduction to Radiologic and Imaging Sciences and Patient Care 7th Edition Adler Test Bank Organization of the radiology department begins with an administrative director, who reports to senior hospital administration and has direct responsibility and authority for operation and organization of the department. Key traditional responsibilities include staffing, planning, educating, supervising, organizing, coordinating, communicating, maintaining safety, and minimizing hazards in the workplace. REF: p. 51 7. In a typical radiology department, the medical director is an essential position. The medical director is principally responsible for a. developing staffing schedules. b. department quality-improvement activities. c. staffing decisions regarding insubordination. d. creating department social activities to encourage a teamwork attitude. ANS: B According to The Joint Commission (TJC), the medical director is responsible for all quality-improvement activities, although he or she may delegate responsibilities to the administrative director. REF: p. 52 N R I G B.C M 8. In addition to the traditional hospital setting for health care, it is quite common to offer medical imaging services in a wide variety of medical settings. These sites could include 1. outpatient clinics. 2. freestanding imaging centers. 3. shoe stores in which pedal fluoroscopic imaging is available. 4. regional airports in which poUrtabSle CNT sTcanningOis available for security screening. 5. physician offices and clinics. 6. urgent care centers. a. 1, 2, 4, 5, and 6 only b. 1, 2, 5, and 6 only c. 2, 5, and 6 only d. 4, 5, and 6 only ANS: B Radiology services have transitioned from being primarily hospital based to other health care settings. Among these settings are clinics, urgent care centers, physicians’ offices, freestanding imaging centers, manufacturing plants, research centers, outpatient surgical centers, mobile imaging centers, and so on. Placing radiology services in malls for fluoroscopic foot (pedal) imaging and for security screening is not a customary location for radiology services. REF: p. 53 9. All of the following are related except a. performance improvement (PI). b. quality control inspections (QCI). c. continuous quality improvement (CQI). d. total quality management (TQM). NURSINGTB.COM Introduction to Radiologic and Imaging Sciences and Patient Care 7th Edition Adler Test Bank ANS: B The functions of management are evolving from the traditional roles of directing and controlling employees to leading, coaching, and supporting employees. The influence for this change comes from the movement toward continuous quality improvement (CQI), total quality management (TQM), or performance improvement (PI). REF: p. 54 10. At a recent radiology department meeting, the director discussed an incident that occurred a few days earlier involving a patient within medical imaging. In his description, the director revealed that this patient had an incorrect ultrasound examination performed. Investigation into the situation showed that a receptionist told the patient to wait in the wrong holding area before the examination. The sonographer assumed that the patient was in the correct location and performed the wrong examination. To prevent this type of event from occurring in the future, what type of analysis needs to be undertaken by the department? a. Task Analysis Inventory b. PACS assessment c. CQI analysis d. Joint Commission Self-Study ANS: C Radiology departments involved in patient safety goals or process improvement study the work functions within the department, such as patient waiting time, and report turnaround time or ways to prevent medication errors. Significant sentinel events such as examining the wrong patient necessarily warrant a CQI analysis to evaluate the processes and make improvements. Perhaps even more significant to the overall success of the hospital are the interdisciplinary CQI or patie nt s afet y pr oce ss i mpr N R I G B . C M ovement activities conducted among multiple departments. U S N T O REF: p. 54 11. The federal agency that regulates the use of ionizing radiation including medical and nuclear applications is the a. Joint Commission (TJC). b. Nuclear Regulatory Commission (NRC). c. Occupational Health and Safety Administration (OSHA). d. Radiation Safety Committee. ANS: B Radiation-regulating agencies include the NRC and state licensing agencies for control of equipment, including nuclear, and technologists. Noncompliance with these agency regulations could force a health care facility to shut down any operations that involve ionizing radiation. REF: p. 56 12. All of the following are true of the Mammography Quality Standards Act (MQSA) except a. its intent is to ensure high-quality mammography imaging nationwide. b. accreditation of mammography services through the ASRT is integral to MQSA compliance. c. it was established by the federal government in 1992 and has been in place since NURSINGTB.COM Introduction to Radiologic and Imaging Sciences and Patient Care 7th Edition Adler Test Bank that time. d. MQSA noncompliance will prevent Medicare reimbursement for mammography examinations. ANS: B The American College of Radiology (ACR) is the accrediting body for mammography services. All facilities providing mammography must be ACR accredited in order to receive reimbursement by Medicare. The Mammography Quality Standards Act (MQSA) was developed in 1992 to ensure that all women have access to high-quality mammography services. REF: p. 57 13. Examples of internal committees within a hospital or health care enterprise include the 1. Radiation Safety Committee. 2. Joint Commission (TJC). 3. Food and Drug Administration (FDA). 4. Infection Control Committee. 5. P&T Committee. a. 1, 3, and 5 only b. 1, 3, and 4 only c. 2 and 4 only d. 1, 4, and 5 only ANS: D In addition to external agencies, internal committees also regulate operations in a hospital or health care facility. These internal committees may consist of a Radiation Safety Committee, Infection Control CommitteeN, a UnRd SPhIa NrmGa TcyBa.nCd OThMerapeutics (P&T) committee, to mention a few. The FDA and TJC are external agencies to the hospital. REF: p. 57 14. Among its many virtues, digital medical imaging has permitted the networking and computer storage of thousands of images. The transmission, display, and storage of these images are accomplished through what type of technology? a. HIPAA b. MQSA c. PACS d. NRC ANS: C Picture archive and communication systems (PACSs) became widely accepted as a digital alternative to film-screen imaging devices in the late 1990s. A PACS is defined as a system for acquiring, archiving, interpreting, and distributing digital images throughout a health system enterprise. The most noted benefit of PACS is that it allows a health care provider to access digital imaging information anytime and anywhere care is being provided. The clinical benefits of PACSs are the availability of digital images where care is provided, faster turnaround of imaging diagnosis, simultaneous consultation ability with the radiologist, and the ability to always retrieve an examination file without fear of it being lost or misplaced. REF: p. 58 NURSINGTB.COM Introduction to Radiologic and Imaging Sciences and Patient Care 7th Edition Adler Test Bank 15. Employers are looking for two principle traits in all radiologic science professionals. These traits are a. an electronics background and critical thinking skills. b. initiative and drive. c. co